Iraq’s anti-ISIS war is quickly drawing to an end. ISIS fighters are routed and Iraqi sovereignty over territories, held by the Islamic State from June 2014, has been re-imposed. This, in itself, sounds like a great success and probably a new beginning for the Iraqis.

Yet, the future looks fraught with dangers, unless serious efforts to create a unified Iraq through reforms are initiated. An equally Herculean task is to skillfully balance the roles and influence of regional and extra-regional actors, not to let them use Iraq as an open turf for power contestations.

Iraq’s future, in a nutshell, depends on its ability to avoid the Lebanonization of domestic politics (a breakdown of the political process due to conflicts over power-sharing and the choice of who would be put in a particular powerful position) and external Balkanization syndrome (domestic or regional fragmentations that threaten a state).

Fragmented domestic political process

Iraqi political process, since its creation in 1932 under the shadow of the infamous Sykes—Picot Agreement of May 1916, has witnessed a three-way competition between the Shias, the Sunnis and the Kurds. They have jockeyed and jostled against each other for power and influence along ethnic, religious and sectarian lines. Consequently, no national political party has ever developed to represent Iraqis across ethnic or religious divides or to unite all Iraqis from a single national platform. There was, and is, an Iraqi state, not truly an Iraqi nation.

Long Ba’athist rule under Saddam Hussein (1979–2003) badly affected Iraq’s cauldron of ethnic and religious tensions. Saddam created a highly centralized state structure, pursued the policy of Arabization to assimilate the non-Arabs, mainly the Kurds, into the mainstream culture and preferred the over-representations of minority Sunnis in all important centers of state power (defense, oil resource, council of ministers etc.). The Shias and the Kurds were deeply alienated.

The Kurds were victimized most: they suffered heavily at the hands of Saddam’s Sunni government (the 1988 chemical attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja being the most notorious example); they also currently face the wrath of the Shia-dominated Iraqi government for holding the pro-independence referendum on September 25, 2017. The referendum revealed the Kurds’ deep distrust in both the Shias and the Sunnis. Their regional autonomy in northern Iraq, what is officially dubbed Kurdistan Regional Government, came more as a gift from the Americans for collaboration with the invading U.S. forces to dismantle the Ba’athist regime. Previously, the U.S.- and UK-imposed no-fly zone over northern Iraq in the wake of the 1991 Gulf War made Kurdistan a de facto state.

The rise of the ISIS brought significant territorial gains for the Kurds over Kirkuk, a multiethnic province rich in oil resources, but the Iraqi army’s recent push to drive Kurdish Peshmerga forces out of Kirkuk has curbed their aspirations for independence for good. It has also checked similar moves forSunni independence project by Sunni Arab tribes in the northwestern provinces of Ninevah, Anbar and Salah al-Din.

Despite the elimination of ISIS fighters and the defeat of Peshmerga forces in Kirkuk, Iraq is nowhere close to fostering a sense of national identity. Shortagesof interethnic and intrareligious understandings, social synergy, the culture of coexistence, and social cohesion to prevent social fragmentations are acute. Keeping Iraq united and unified is the biggest challenge for Iraqi prime minister Haider al-Abadi. In fact, a post-ISIS Iraq may prove more dangerous than an Iraq with ISIS presence.

A good way to start forging that national identity may be via a commonly agreed power-sharing arrangement. Back in 2007, the United States proposed to introduce a federal system of government in Iraq to decentralize power and transfer resources to the federating units. The then Shia-led Nouri al-Maliki government and the Sunni leaders strongly criticized the idea as they viewed it as a violation of Iraqi sovereignty. The Kurds favored federalism as the only way to guarantee their historical and cultural identity in Iraq.

Source    nationalinterest.org